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The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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ސ > ! # ˾ G " bjbj ˨ ˨ " ] o 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 $ e Y N Z Z p p p p 4 4 p p 4 4 `I' X 4 Annotation
The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
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The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
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The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
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The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
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The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
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The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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F F c HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
GERMANY, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN
REPUBLIC, HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBOURG, HER MAJESTY THE
QUEEN OF THE NETHERLANDS (1),
DETERMINED to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe,
RESOLVED to ensure the economic and social progress of their countries by common action to
eliminate the barriers which divide Europe,
AFFIRMING as the essential objective of their efforts the constant improvements of the living and
working conditions of their peoples,
RECOGNISING that the removal of existing obstacles calls for concerted action in order to guarantee
steady expansion, balanced trade and fair competition,
ANXIOUS to strengthen the unity of their economies and to ensure their harmonious development by
reducing the differences existing between the various regions and the backwardness of the less favoured
regions,
DESIRING to contribute, by means of a common commercial policy, to the progressive abolition of
restrictions on international trade,
INTENDING to confirm the solidarity which binds Europe and the overseas countries and desiring to
ensure the development of their prosperity, in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the
United Nations,
RESOLVED by thus pooling their resources to preserve and strengthen peace and liberty, and calling
upon the other peoples of Europe who share their ideal to join in their efforts,
DETERMINED to promote the development of the highest possible level of knowledge for their peoples
through a wide access to education and through its continuous updating,
HAVE DECIDED to create a EUROPEAN COMMUNITY and to this end have designated as their
Plenipotentiaries:
(List of plenipotentiaries not reproduced)
WHO, having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows.
(1) The Kingdom of Denmark, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, Ireland, the Republic of Austria, the
Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland have since become members of the European Community.
24.12.2002 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 325/39
PART ONE
PRINCIPLES
Article 1
By this Treaty, the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES establish among themselves a EUROPEAN
COMMUNITY.
Article 2
The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and an economic and monetary
union and by implementing common policies or activities referred to in Articles 3 and 4, to promote
throughout the Community a harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of economic activities,
a high level of employment and of social protection, equality between men and women, sustainable and
non-inflationary growth, a high degree of competitiveness and convergence of economic performance, a
high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment, the raising of the standard
of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States.
Article 3
1. For the purposes set out in Article 2, the activities of the Community shall include, as provided in
this Treaty and in accordance with the timetable set out therein:
(a) the prohibition, as between Member States, of customs duties and quantitative restrictions on the
import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect;
(b) a common commercial policy;
(c) an internal market characterised by the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to the
free movement of goods, persons, services and capital;
(d) measures concerning the entry and movement of persons as provided for in Title IV;
(e) a common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries;
(f) a common policy in the sphere of transport;
(g) a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted;
(h) the approximation of the laws of Member States to the extent required for the functioning of the
common market;
(i) the promotion of coordination between employment policies of the Member States with a view to
enhancing their effectiveness by developing a coordinated strategy for employment;
(j) a policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund;
(k) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion;
C 325/40 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 24.12.2002
(l) a policy in the sphere of the environment;
(m) the strengthening of the competitiveness of Community industry;
(n) the promotion of research and technological development;
(o) encouragement for the establishment and development of trans-European networks;
(p) a contribution to the attainment of a high level of health protection;
(q) a contribution to education and training of quality and to the flowering of the cultures of the
Member States;
(r) a policy in the sphere of development cooperation;
(s) the association of the overseas countries and territories in order to increase trade and promote
jointly economic and social development;
(t) a contribution to the strengthening of consumer protection;
(u) measures in the spheres of energy, civil protection and tourism.
2. In all the activities referred to in this Article, the Community shall aim to eliminate inequalities,
and to promote equality, between men and women.
Article 4
1. For the purposes set out in Article 2, the activities of the Member States and the Community
shall include, as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the timetable set out therein, the
adoption of an economic policy which is based on the close coordination of Member States'
economic policies, on the internal market and on the definition of common objectives, and
conducted in accordance with the principle of an open market economy with free competition.
2. Concurrently with the foregoing, and as provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the
timetable and the procedures set out therein, these activities shall include the irrevocable fixing of
exchange rates leading to the introduction of a single currency, the ecu, and the definition and
conduct of a single monetary policy and exchange-rate policy the primary objective of both of which
shall be to maintain price stability and, without prejudice to this objective, to support the general
economic policies in the Community, in accordance with the principle of an open market economy
with free competition.
3. These activities of the Member States and the Community shall entail compliance with the
following guiding principles: stable prices, sound public finances and monetary conditions and a
sustainable balance of payments.
Article 5
The Community shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty and of the
objectives assigned to it therein.
24.12.2002 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 325/41
In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in
accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed
action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or
effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.
Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this
Treaty.
Article 6
Environmental protection requirements must be integrated into the definition and implementation of the
Community policies and activities referred to in Article 3, in particular with a view to promoting
sustainable development.
Article 7
1. The tasks entrusted to the Community shall be carried out by the following institutions:
- a EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT,
- a COUNCIL,
- a COMMISSION,
- a COURT OF JUSTICE,
- a COURT OF AUDITORS.
Each institution shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty.
2. The Council and the Commission shall be assisted by an Economic and Social Committee and a
Committee of the Regions acting in an advisory capacity.
Article 8
A European system of central banks (hereinafter referred to as "ESCB") and a European Central Bank
(hereinafter referred to as "ECB") shall be established in accordance with the procedures laid down in this
Treaty; they shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon them by this Treaty and by the
Statute of the ESCB and of the ECB (hereinafter referred to as "Statute of the ESCB") annexed thereto.
Article 9
A European Investment Bank is hereby established, which shall act within the limits of the powers
conferred upon it by this Treaty and the Statute annexed thereto.
Article 10
Member States shall take all appropriate measures, whether general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of
the obligations arising out of this Treaty or resulting from action taken by the institutions of the
Community. They shall facilitate the achievement of the Community's tasks.
They shall abstain from any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the objectives of this
Treaty.
C 325/42 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 24.12.2002
Article 11 (*)
1. Member States which intend to establish enhanced cooperation between themselves in one of the
areas referred to in this Treaty shall address a request to the Commission, which may submit a proposal
to the Council to that effect. In the event of the Commission not submitting a proposal, it shall inform
the Member States concerned of the reasons for not doing so.
2. Authorisation to establish enhanced cooperation as referred to in paragraph 1 shall be granted, in
compliance with Articles 43 to 45 of the Treaty on European Union, by the Council, acting by a
qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament.
When enhanced cooperation relates to an area covered by the procedure referred to in Article 251 of
this Treaty, the assent of the European Parliament shall be required.
A member of the Council may request that the matter be referred to the European Council. After that
matter has been raised before the European Council, the Council may act in accordance with the first
subparagraph of this paragraph.
3. The acts and decisions necessary for the implementation of enhanced cooperation activities shall
be subject to all the relevant provisions of this Treaty, save as otherwise provided in this Article and in
Articles 43 to 45 of the Treaty on European Union.
Article 11a (**)
Any Member State which wishes to participate in enhanced cooperation established in accordance with
Article 11 shall notify its intention to the Council and to the Commission, which shall give an opinion
to the Council within three months of the date of receipt of that notification. Within four months of the
date of receipt of that notification, the Commission shall take a decision on it, and on such specific
arrangements as it may deem necessary.
Article 12
Within the scope of application of this Treaty, and without prejudice to any special provisions contained
therein, any discrimination on grounds of nationality shall be prohibited.
The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, may adopt rules
designed to prohibit such discrimination.
Article 13 (*)
1. Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers
conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the
Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat
discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.
2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, when the Council adopts Community incentive
measures, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States, to support
action taken by the Member States in order to contribute to the achievement of the objectives referred
to in paragraph 1, it shall act in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251.
(*) Article amended by the Treaty of Nice.
(**) Article inserted by the Treaty of Nice (former Article 11(3)).
24.12.2002 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 325/43
Article 14
1. The Community shall adopt measures with the aim of progressively establishing the internal
market over a period expiring on 31 December 1992, in accordance with the provisions of this Article
and of Articles 15, 26, 47(2), 49, 80, 93 and 95 and without prejudice to the other provisions of this
Treaty.
2. The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement
of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
3. The Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, shall determine
the guidelines and conditions necessary to ensure balanced progress in all the sectors concerned.
Article 15
When drawing up its proposals with a view to achieving the objectives set out in Article 14, the
Commission shall take into account the extent of the effort that certain economies showing differences
in development will have to sustain during the period of establishment of the internal market and it may
propose appropriate provisions.
If these provisions take the form of derogations, they must be of a temporary nature and must cause the
least possible disturbance to the functioning of the common market.
Article 16
Without prejudice to Articles 73, 86 and 87, and given the place occupied by services of general
economic interest in the shared values of the Union as well as their role in promoting social and
territorial cohesion, the Community and the Member States, each within their respective powers and
within the scope of application of this Treaty, shall take care that such services operate on the basis of
principles and conditions which enable them to fulfil their missions.
PART TWO
CITIZENSHIP OF THE UNION
Article 17
1. Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member
State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national
citizenship.
2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights conferred by this Treaty and shall be subject to the
duties imposed thereby.
C 325/44 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 24.12.2002
Article 18 (*)
1. Every citizen of the Union shall have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of
the Member States, subject to the limitations and conditions laid down in this Treaty and by the
measures adopted to give it effect.
2. If action by the Community should prove necessary to attain this objective and this Treaty has
not provided the necessary powers, the Council may adopt provisions with a view to facilitating the
exercise of the rights referred to in paragraph 1. The Council shall act in accordance with the procedure
referred to in Article 251.
3. Paragraph 2 shall not apply to provisions on passports, identity cards, residence permits or any
other such document or to provisions on social security or social protection.
Article 19
1. Every citizen of the Union residing in a Member State of which he is not a national shall have the
right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections in the Member State in which he resides,
under the same conditions as nationals of that State. This right shall be exercised subject to detailed
arrangements adopted by the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and
after consulting the European Parliament; these arrangements may provide for derogations where
warranted by problems specific to a Member State.
2. Without prejudice to Article 190(4) and to the provisions adopted for its implementation, every
citizen of the Union residing in a Member State of which he is not a national shall have the right to vote
and to stand as a candidate in elections to the European Parliament in the Member State in which he
resides, under the same conditions as nationals of that State. This right shall be exercised subject to
detailed arrangements adopted by the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission
and after consulting the European Parliament; these arrangements may provide for derogations where
warranted by problems specific to a Member State.
Article 20
Every citizen of the Union shall, in the territory of a third country in which the Member State of which
he is a national is not represented, be entitled to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of
any Member State, on the same conditions as the nationals of that State. Member States shall establish
the necessary rules among themselves and start the international negotiations required to secure this
protection.
Article 21
Every citizen of the Union shall have the right to petition the European Parliament in accordance with
Article 194.
Every citizen of the Union may apply to the Ombudsman established in accordance with Article 195.
Every citizen of the Union may write to any of the institutions or bodies referred to in this Article or in
Article 7 in one of the languages mentioned in Article 314 and have an answer in the same language.
(*) Article amended by the Treaty of Nice.
24.12.2002 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 325/45
Article 22
The Commission shall report to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the Economic and
Social Committee every three years on the application of the provisions of this part. This report shall
take account of the development of the Union.
On this basis, and without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty, the Council, acting unanimously
on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may adopt
provisions to strengthen or to add to the rights laid down in this part, which it shall recommend to the
Member States for adoption in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.
PART THREE
COMMUNITY POLICIES
TITLE I
FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS
Article 23
1. The Community shall be based upon a customs union which shall cover all trade in goods and
which shall involve the prohibition between Member States of customs duties on imports and exports
and of all charges having equivalent effect, and the adoption of a common customs tariff in their
relations with third countries.
2. The provisions of Article 25 and of Chapter 2 of this title shall apply to products originating in
Member States and to products coming from third countries which are in free circulation in Member
States.
Article 24
Products coming from a third country shall be considered to be in free circulation in a Member State if
the import formalities have been complied with and any customs duties or charges having equivalent
effect which are payable have been levied in that Member State, and if they have not benefited from a
total or partial drawback of such duties or charges.
CHAPTER 1
THE CUSTOMS UNION
Article 25
Customs duties on imports and exports and charges having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between
Member States. This prohibition shall also apply to customs duties of a fiscal nature.
Article 26
Common Customs Tariff duties shall be fixed by the Council acting by a qualified majority on a
proposal from the Commission.
C 325/46 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 24.12.2002
Article 27
In carrying out the tasks entrusted to it under this chapter the Commission shall be guided by:
(a) the need to promote trade between Member States and third countries;
(b) developments in conditions of competition within the Community in so far as they lead to an
improvement in the competitive capacity of undertakings;
(c) the requirements of the Community as regards the supply of raw materials and semi-finished
goods; in this connection the Commission shall take care to avoid distorting conditions of
competition between Member States in respect of finished goods;
(d) the need to avoid serious disturbances in the economies of Member States and to ensure rational
development of production and an expansion of consumption within the Community.
CHAPTER 2
PROHIBITION OF QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS BETWEEN MEMBER STATES
Article 28
Quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited
between Member States.
Article 29
Quantitative restrictions on exports, and all measures having equivalent effect, shall be prohibited
between Member States.
Article 30
The provisions of Articles 28 and 29 shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports
or goods in transit justified on grounds of public morality, public policy or public security; the
protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants; the protection of national treasures
possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value; or the protection of industrial and commercial
property. Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination
or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States.
Article 31
1. Member States shall adjust any State monopolies of a commercial character so as to ensure that
no discrimination regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed exists
between nationals of Member States.
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The provisions of this Article shall apply to any body through which a Member State, in law or in fact,
either directly or indirectly supervises, determines or appreciably influences imports or exports between
Member States. These provisions shall likewise apply to monopolies delegated by the State to others.
2. Member States shall refrain from introducing any new measure which is contrary to the principles
laid down in paragraph 1 or which restricts the scope of the articles dealing with the prohibition
of customs duties and quantitative restrictions between Member States.
3. If a State monopoly of a commercial character has rules which are designed to make it easier to
dispose of agricultural products or obtain for them the best return, steps should be taken in applying the
rules contained in this article to ensure equivalent safeguards for the employment and standard of living
of the producers concerned.
TITLE II
AGRICULTURE
Article 32
1. The common market shall extend to agriculture and trade in agricultural products. "Agricultural
products" means the products of the soil, of stockfarming and of fisheries and products of first-stage
processing directly related to these products.
2. Save as otherwise provided in Articles 33 to 38, the rules laid down for the establishment of the
common market shall apply to agricultural products.
3. The products subject to the provisions of Articles 33 to 38 are listed in Annex I to this Treaty.
4. The operation and development of the common market for agricultural products must be accompanied
by the establishment of a common agricultural policy.
Article 33
1. The objectives of the common agricultural policy shall be:
(a) to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational
development of agricultural production and the optimum utilisation of the factors of production, in
particular labour;
(b) thus to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing
the individual earnings of persons engaged in agriculture;
(c) to stabilise markets;
(d) to assure the availability of supplies;
(e) to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices.
C 325/48 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 24.12.2002
2. In working out the common agricultural policy and the special methods for its application,
account shall be taken of:
(a) the particular nature of agricultural activity, which results from the social structure of agriculture
and from structural and natural disparities between the various agricultural regions;
(b) the need to effect the appropriate adjustments by degrees;
(c) the fact that in the Member States agriculture constitutes a sector closely linked with the economy
as a whole.
Article 34
1. In order to attain the objectives set out in Article 33, a common organisation of agricultural
markets shall be established.
This organisation shall take one of the following forms, depending on the product concerned:
(a) common rules on competition;
(b) compulsory coordination of the various national market organisations;
(c) a European market organisation.
2. The common organisation established in accordance with paragraph 1 may include all measures
required to attain the objectives set out in Article 33, in particular regulation of prices, aids for the
production and marketing of the various products, storage and carryover arrangements and common
machinery for stabilising imports or exports.
The common organisation shall be limited to pursuit of the objectives set out in Article 33 and shall
exclude any discrimination between producers or consumers within the Community.
Any common price policy shall be based on common criteria and uniform methods of calculation.
3. In order to enable the common organisation referred to in paragraph 1 to attain its objectives,
one or more agricultural guidance and guarantee funds may be set up.
Article 35
To enable the objectives set out in Article 33 to be attained, provision may be made within the
framework of the common agricultural policy for measures such as:
(a) an effective coordination of efforts in the spheres of vocational training, of research and of the
dissemination of agricultural knowledge; this may include joint financing of projects or institutions;
(b) joint measures to promote consumption of certain products.
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Article 36
The provisions of the chapter relating to rules on competition shall apply to production of and trade in
agricultural products only to the extent determined by the Council within the framework of Article
37(2) and (3) and in accordance with the procedure laid down therein, account being taken of the
objectives set out in Article 33.
The Council may, in particular, authorise the granting of aid:
(a) for the protection of enterprises handicapped by structural or natural conditions;
(b) within the framework of economic development programmes.
Article 37
1. In order to evolve the broad lines of a common agricultural policy, the Commission shall,
immediately this Treaty enters into force, convene a conference of the Member States with a view to
making a comparison of their agricultural policies, in particular by producing a statement of their
resources and needs.
2. Having taken into account the work of the Conference provided for in paragraph 1, after
consulting the Economic and Social Committee and within two years of the entry into force of this
Treaty, the Commission shall submit proposals for working out and implementing the common agricultural
policy, including the replacement of the national organisations by one of the forms of common
organisation provided for in Article 34(1), and for implementing the measures specified in this title.
These proposals shall take account of the interdependence of the agricultural matters mentioned in this
title.
The Council shall, on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament,
acting by a qualified majority, make regulations, issue directives, or take decisions, without prejudice to
any recommendations it may also make.
3. The Council may, acting by a qualified majority and in accordance with paragraph 2, replace the
national market organisations by the common organisation provided for in Article 34(1) if:
(a) the common organisation offers Member States which are opposed to this measure and which have
an organisation of their own for the production in question equivalent safeguards for the
employment and standard of living of the producers concerned, account being taken of the
adjustments that will be possible and the specialisation that will be needed with the passage of
time;
(b) such an organisation ensures conditions for trade within the Community similar to those existing
in a national market.
4. If a common organisation for certain raw materials is established before a common organisation
exists for the corresponding processed products, such raw materials as are used for processed products
intended for export to third countries may be imported from outside the Community.
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Article 38
Where in a Member State a product is subject to a national market organisation or to internal rules
having equivalent effect which affect the competitive position of similar production in another Member
State, a countervailing charge shall be applied by Member States to imports of this product coming from
the Member State where such organisation or rules exist, unless that State applies a countervailing
charge on export.
The Commission shall fix the amount of these charges at the level required to redress the balance; it may
also authorise other measures, the conditions and details of which it shall determine.
TITLE III
FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS, SERVICES AND CAPITAL
CHAPTER 1
WORKERS
Article 39
1. Freedom of movement for workers shall be secured within the Community.
2. Such freedom of movement shall entail the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality
between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of
work and employment.
3. It shall entail the right, subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security
or public health:
(a) to accept offers of employment actually made;
(b) to move freely within the territory of Member States for this purpose;
(c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions
governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative
action;
(d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to
conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the
Commission.
4. The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service.
Article 40
The Council shall, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 and after
consulting the Economic and Social Committee, issue directives or make regulations setting out the
measures required to bring about freedom of movement for workers, as defined in Article 39, in
particular:
(a) by ensuring close cooperation between national employment services;
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(b) by abolishing those administrative procedures and practices and those qualifying periods in respect
of eligibility for available employment, whether resulting from national legislation or from
agreements previously concluded between Member States, the maintenance of which would form
an obstacle to liberalisation of the movement of workers;
(c) by abolishing all such qualifying periods and other restrictions provided for either under national
legislation or under agreements previously concluded between Member States as imposed on
workers of other Member States conditions regarding the free choice of employment other than
those imposed on workers of the State concerned;
(d) by setting up appropriate machinery to bring offers of employment into touch with applications
for employment and to facilitate the achievement of a balance between supply and demand in the
employment market in such a way as to avoid serious threats to the standard of living and level of
employment in the various regions and industries.
Article 41
Member States shall, within the framework of a joint programme, encourage the exchange of young
workers.
Article 42
The Council shall, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, adopt such
measures in the field of social security as are necessary to provide freedom of movement for
workers; to this end, it shall make arrangements to secure for migrant workers and their dependants:
(a) aggregation, for the purpose of acquiring and retaining the right to benefit and of calculating the
amount of benefit, of all periods taken into account under the laws of the several countries;
(b) payment of benefits to persons resident in the territories of Member States.
The Council shall act unanimously throughout the procedure referred to in Article 251.
CHAPTER 2
RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENT
Article 43
Within the framework of the provisions set out below, restrictions on the freedom of establishment of
nationals of a Member State in the territory of another Member State shall be prohibited. Such
prohibition shall also apply to restrictions on the setting-up of agencies, branches or subsidiaries by
nationals of any Member State established in the territory of any Member State.
Freedom of establishment shall include the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed
persons and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular companies or firms within the
meaning of the second paragraph of Article 48, under the conditions laid down for its own
nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected, subject to the provisions of
the chapter relating to capital.
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Article 44
1. In order to attain freedom of establishment as regards a particular activity, the Council, acting in
accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 and after consulting the Economic and Social
Committee, shall act by means of directives.
2. The Council and the Commission shall carry out the duties devolving upon them under the
preceding provisions, in particular:
(a) by according, as a general rule, priority treatment to activities where freedom of establishment
makes a particularly valuable contribution to the development of production and trade;
(b) by ensuring close cooperation between the competent authorities in the Member States in order to
ascertain the particular situation within the Community of the various activities concerned;
(c) by abolishing those administrative procedures and practices, whether resulting from national legislation
or from agreements previously concluded between Member States, the maintenance of which
would form an obstacle to freedom of establishment;
(d) by ensuring that workers of one Member State employed in the territory of another Member State
may remain in that territory for the purpose of taking up activities therein as self-employed
persons, where they satisfy the conditions which they would be required to satisfy if they were
entering that State at the time when they intended to take up such activities;
(e) by enabling a national of one Member State to acquire and use land and buildings situated in the
territory of another Member State, in so far as this does not conflict with the principles laid down
in Article 33(2);
(f) by effecting the progressive abolition of restrictions on freedom of establishment in every branch of
activity under consideration, both as regards the conditions for setting up agencies, branches or
subsidiaries in the territory of a Member State and as regards the subsidiaries in the territory of a
Member State and as regards the conditions governing the entry of personnel belonging to the
main establishment into managerial or supervisory posts in such agencies, branches or subsidiaries;
(g) by coordinating to the necessary extent the safeguards which, for the protection of the interests of
members and other, are required by Member States of companies or firms within the meaning of
the second paragraph of Article 48 with a view to making such safeguards equivalent throughout
the Community;
(h) by satisfying themselves that the conditions of establishment are not distorted by aids granted by
Member States.
Article 45
The provisions of this chapter shall not apply, so far as any given Member State is concerned, to
activities which in that State are connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority.
The Council may, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, rule that the
provisions of this chapter shall not apply to certain activities.
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Article 46
1. The provisions of this chapter and measures taken in pursuance thereof shall not prejudice the
applicability of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action providing for special
treatment for foreign nationals on grounds of public policy, public security or public health.
2. The Council shall, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, issue
directives for the coordination of the abovementioned provisions.
Article 47
1. In order to make it easier for persons to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons,
the Council shall, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, issue directives for
the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications.
2. For the same purpose, the Council shall, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in
Article 251, issue directives for the coordination of the provisions laid down by law, regulation or
administrative action in Member States concerning the taking-up and pursuit of activities as selfemployed
persons. The Council, acting unanimously throughout the procedure referred to in Article
251, shall decide on directives the implementation of which involves in at least one Member State
amendment of the existing principles laid down by law governing the professions with respect to
training and conditions of access for natural persons. In other cases the Council shall act by qualified
majority.
3. In the case of the medical and allied and pharmaceutical professions, the progressive abolition of
restrictions shall be dependent upon coordination of the conditions for their exercise in the various
Member States.
Article 48
Companies or firms formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered
office, central administration or principal place of business within the Community shall, for the
purposes of this Chapter, be treated in the same way as natural persons who are nationals of
Member States.
"Companies or firms" means companies or firms constituted under civil or commercial law, including
cooperative societies, and other legal persons governed by public or private law, save for those which
are non-profit-making.
CHAPTER 3
SERVICES
Article 49
Within the framework of the provisions set out below, restrictions on freedom to provide services
within the Community shall be prohibited in respect of nationals of Member States who are established
in a State of the Community other than that of the person for whom the services are intended.
The Council may, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, extend the
provisions of the Chapter to nationals of a third country who provide services and who are established
within the Community.
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Article 50
Services shall be considered to be "services" within the meaning of this Treaty where they are normally
provided for remuneration, in so far as they are not governed by the provisions relating to freedom of
movement for goods, capital and persons.
"Services" shall in particular include:
(a) activities of an industrial character;
(b) activities of a commercial character;
(c) activities of craftsmen;
(d) activities of the professions.
Without prejudice to the provisions of the chapter relating to the right of establishment, the person
providing a service may, in order to do so, temporarily pursue his activity in the State where the service
is provided, under the same conditions as are imposed by that State on its own nationals.
Article 51
1. Freedom to provide services in the field of transport shall be governed by the provisions of the
title relating to transport.
2. The liberalisation of banking and insurance services connected with movements of capital shall be
effected in step with the liberalisation of movement of capital.
Article 52
1. In order to achieve the liberalisation of a specific service, the Council shall, on a proposal from
the Commission and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee and the European Parliament,
issue directives acting by a qualified majority.
2. As regards the directives referred to in paragraph 1, priority shall as a general rule be given to
those services which directly affect production costs or the liberalisation of which helps to promote
trade in goods.
Article 53
The Member States declare their readiness to undertake the liberalisation of services beyond the extent
required by the directives issued pursuant to Article 52(1), if their general economic situation and the
situation of the economic sector concerned so permit.
To this end, the Commission shall make recommendations to the Member States concerned.
Article 54
As long as restrictions on freedom to provide services have not been abolished, each Member State shall
apply such restrictions without distinction on grounds of nationality or residence to all persons
providing services within the meaning of the first paragraph of Article 49.
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Article 55
The provisions of Articles 45 to 48 shall apply to the matters covered by this chapter.
CHAPTER 4
CAPITAL AND PAYMENTS
Article 56
1. Within the framework of the provisions set out in this chapter, all restrictions on the movement
of capital between Member States and between Member States and third countries shall be prohibited.
2. Within the framework of the provisions set out in this chapter, all restrictions on payments
between Member States and between Member States and third countries shall be prohibited.
Article 57
1. The provisions of Article 56 shall be without prejudice to the application to third countries of
any restrictions which exist on 31 December 1993 under national or Community law adopted in respect
of the movement of capital to or from third countries involving direct investment - including in real
estate - establishment, the provision of financial services or the admission of securities to capital
markets.
2. Whilst endeavouring to achieve the objective of free movement of capital between Member States
and third countries to the greatest extent possible and without prejudice to the other chapters of this
Treaty, the Council may, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, adopt
measures on the movement of capital to or from third countries involving direct investment -
including investment in real estate - establishment, the provision of financial services or the
admission of securities to capital markets. Unanimity shall be required for measures under this
paragraph which constitute a step back in Community law as regards the liberalisation of the
movement of capital to or from third countries.
Article 58
1. The provisions of Article 56 shall be without prejudice to the right of Member States:
(a) to apply the relevant provisions of their tax law which distinguish between taxpayers who are not
in the same situation with regard to their place of residence or with regard to the place where their
capital is invested;
(b) to take all requisite measures to prevent infringements of national law and regulations, in particular
in the field of taxation and the prudential supervision of financial institutions, or to lay down
procedures for the declaration of capital movements for purposes of administrative or statistical
information, or to take measures which are justified on grounds of public policy or public security.
2. The provisions of this chapter shall be without prejudice to the applicability of restrictions on the
right of establishment which are compatible with this Treaty.
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3. The measures and procedures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not constitute a means of
arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on the free movement of capital and payments as
defined in Article 56.
Article 59
Where, in exceptional circumstances, movements of capital to or from third countries cause, or threaten
to cause, serious difficulties for the operation of economic and monetary union, the Council, acting by a
qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the ECB, may take safeguard
measures with regard to third countries for a period not exceeding six months if such measures are
strictly necessary.
Article 60
1. If, in the cases envisaged in Article 301, action by the Community is deemed necessary, the
Council may, in accordance with the procedure provided for in Article 301, take the necessary urgent
measures on the movement of capital and on payments as regards the third countries concerned.
2. Without prejudice to Article 297 and as long as the Council has not taken measures pursuant to
paragraph 1, a Member State may, for serious political reasons and on grounds of urgency, take
unilateral measures against a third country with regard to capital movements and payments. The
Commission and the other Member States shall be informed of such measures by the date of their
entry into force at the latest.
The Council may, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, decide that the
Member State concerned shall amend or abolish such measures. The President of the Council shall
inform the European Parliament of any such decision taken by the Council.
TITLE IV
VISAS, ASYLUM, IMMIGRATION AND OTHER POLICIES RELATED TO FREE
MOVEMENT OF PERSONS
Article 61
In order to establish progressively an area of freedom, security and justice, the Council shall adopt:
(a) within a period of five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, measures aimed
at ensuring the free movement of persons in accordance with Article 14, in conjunction with
directly related flanking measures with respect to external border controls, asylum and immigration,
in accordance with the provisions of Article 62(2) and (3) and Article 63(1)(a) and
(2)(a), and measures to prevent and combat crime in accordance with the provisions of Article
31(e) of the Treaty on European Union;
(b) other measures in the fields of asylum, immigration and safeguarding the rights of nationals of
third countries, in accordance with the provisions of Article 63;
(c) measures in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters as provided for in Article 65;
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(d) appropriate measures to encourage and strengthen administrative cooperation, as provided for in
Article 66;
(e) measures in the field of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters aimed at a high level of
security by preventing and combating crime within the Union in accordance with the provisions of
the Treaty on European Union.
Article 62
The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 67, shall, within a period of
five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, adopt:
1. measures with a view to ensuring, in compliance with Article 14, the absence of any controls on
persons, be they citizens of the Union or nationals of third countries, when crossing internal
borders;
2. measures on the crossing of the external borders of the Member States which shall establish:
(a) standards and procedures to be followed by Member States in carrying out checks on persons
at such borders;
(b) rules on visas for intended stays of no more than three months, including:
(i) the list of third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing
the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement;
(ii) the procedures and conditions for issuing visas by Member States;
(iii) a uniform format for visas;
(iv) rules on a uniform visa;
3. measures setting out the conditions under which nationals of third countries shall have the freedom
to travel within the territory of the Member States during a period of no more than three months.
Article 63
The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 67, shall, within a period of
five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, adopt:
1. measures on asylum, in accordance with the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 and the Protocol
of 31 January 1967 relating to the status of refugees and other relevant treaties, within the
following areas:
(a) criteria and mechanisms for determining which Member State is responsible for considering an
application for asylum submitted by a national of a third country in one of the Member States,
(b) minimum standards on the reception of asylum seekers in Member States,
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(c) minimum standards with respect to the qualification of nationals of third countries as refugees,
(d) minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting or withdrawing refugee
status;
2. measures on refugees and displaced persons within the following areas:
(a) minimum standards for giving temporary protection to displaced persons from third countries
who cannot return to their country of origin and for persons who otherwise need international
protection,
(b) promoting a balance of effort between Member States in receiving and bearing the consequences
of receiving refugees and displaced persons;
3. measures on immigration policy within the following areas:
(a) conditions of entry and residence, and standards on procedures for the issue by Member States
of long-term visas and residence permits, including those for the purpose of family reunion,
(b) illegal immigration and illegal residence, including repatriation of illegal residents;
4. measures defining the rights and conditions under which nationals of third countries who are legally
resident in a Member State may reside in other Member States.
Measures adopted by the Council pursuant to points 3 and 4 shall not prevent any Member State from
maintaining or introducing in the areas concerned national provisions which are compatible with this
Treaty and with international agreements.
Measures to be adopted pursuant to points 2(b), 3(a) and 4 shall not be subject to the five-year period
referred to above.
Article 64
1. This title shall not affect the exercise of the responsibilities incumbent upon Member States with
regard to the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internal security.
2. In the event of one or more Member States being confronted with an emergency situation
characterised by a sudden inflow of nationals of third countries and without prejudice to paragraph
1, the Council may, acting by qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, adopt provisional
measures of a duration not exceeding six months for the benefit of the Member States concerned.
Article 65
Measures in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters having cross-border implications, to be
taken in accordance with Article 67 and in so far as necessary for the proper functioning of the internal
market, shall include:
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(a) improving and simplifying:
- the system for cross-border service of judicial and extrajudicial documents,
- cooperation in the taking of evidence,
- the recognition and enforcement of decisions in civil and commercial cases, including
decisions in extrajudicial cases;
(b) promoting the compatibility of the rules applicable in the Member States concerning the conflict of
laws and of jurisdiction;
(c) eliminating obstacles to the good functioning of civil proceedings, if necessary by promoting the
compatibility of the rules on civil procedure applicable in the Member States.
Article 66
The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 67, shall take measures to
ensure cooperation between the relevant departments of the administrations of the Member States in the
areas covered by this title, as well as between those departments and the Commission.
Article 67 (*)
1. During a transitional period of five years following the entry into force of the Treaty of
Amsterdam, the Council shall act unanimously on a proposal from the Commission or on the initiative
of a Member State and after consulting the European Parliament.
2. After this period of five years:
- the Council shall act on proposals from the Commission; the Commission shall examine any
request made by a Member State that it submit a proposal to the Council,
- the Council, acting unanimously after consulting the European Parliament, shall take a decision
with a view to providing for all or parts of the areas covered by this title to be governed by the
procedure referred to in Article 251 and adapting the provisions relating to the powers of the
Court of Justice.
3. By derogation from paragraphs 1 and 2, measures referred to in Article 62(2)(b) (i) and (iii) shall,
from the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, be adopted by the Council acting by a qualified
majority on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament.
4. By derogation from paragraph 2, measures referred to in Article 62(2)(b) (ii) and (iv) shall, after a
period of five years following the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, be adopted by the
Council acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251.
(*) Article amended by the Treaty of Nice.
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5. By derogation from paragraph 1, the Council shall adopt, in accordance with the procedure
referred to in Article 251:
- the measures provided for in Article 63(1) and (2)(a) provided that the Council has previously
adopted, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article, Community legislation defining the
common rules and basic principles governing these issues,
- the measures provided for in Article 65 with the exception of aspects relating to family law.
Article 68
1. Article 234 shall apply to this title under the following circumstances and conditions: where a
question on the interpretation of this title or on the validity or interpretation of acts of the institutions
of the Community based on this title is raised in a case pending before a court or a tribunal of a
Member State against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or
tribunal shall, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment,
request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon.
2. In any event, the Court of Justice shall not have jurisdiction to rule on any measure or decision
taken pursuant to Article 62(1) relating to the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of
internal security.
3. The Council, the Commission or a Member State may request the Court of Justice to give a ruling
on a question of interpretation of this title or of acts of the institutions of the Community based on this
title. The ruling given by the Court of Justice in response to such a request shall not apply to judgments
of courts or tribunals of the Member States which have become res judicata.
Article 69
The application of this title shall be subject to the provisions of the Protocol on the position of the
United Kingdom and Ireland and to the Protocol on the position of Denmark and without prejudice to
the Protocol on the application of certain aspects of Article 14 of the Treaty establishing the European
Community to the United Kingdom and to Ireland.
TITLE V
TRANSPORT
Article 70
The objectives of this Treaty shall, in matters governed by this title, be pursued by Member States within
the framework of a common transport policy.
Article 71
1. For the purpose of implementing Article 70, and taking into account the distinctive features of
transport, the Council shall, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 and after
consulting the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, lay down:
(a) common rules applicable to international transport to or from the territory of a Member State or
passing across the territory of one or more Member States;
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The title of the present diploma work is "Context meaning as a problem of translation of the European Union Legislation".
The work consists of introduction, theoretical and practical parts, conclusion, thesis and bibliography.
In the introductory part the objectives of the work are determined and the srtructure of the work is set.
The theoretical part is devoted to the context meaning, peculiarities of the English legal language and specifications of the EU legislation texts.
The practical part includes the instances of translation of the "Consolidated version of the Treaty establishng European Community".
The work consists of - pages.
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THESES
Most words can mean a number of things. The feature of the English language is polysemy of the word, which as a rule have two or more meanings.
Meaning of the word depends on the context. Translator in the process of translation should keep the context of the source text in his mind.
Legal language differs from the language we use every day. The language of law as a special sublanguage has its own content and a set of specific characteristics, which vary depending on a language system
The English legal language is characterized by a specific set of terms. First of all, it comprises numerous Latin words and phrases. It also has words of the Old and Middle English origin, including compounds which are no longer in common usage. Besides, the English legal language includes a large amount of words derived from French. This feature characterizes the documents of the European Union, too.
Some concepts are difficult to express in different languages for the simple reason that they are specific to certain countries for reasons of geography or climate.
One factor that complicates life for translators working for the European Union institutions is the poor quality and excessive length of some of the texts they are required to translate.
In the particular context, hybrid texts fulfill distinct functions; fundamentally two, the first is that of filling the document vacuum which exists in a given target culture. The second function which is performed by hybrid texts within the particular context is the bridging two or more legal cultures through the normalization or standardization of the text. Even if the same texts exist in both cultures, hybridism may be the result of this process of harmonization of different national legislations.
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